Core

Constants

Missing

This symbol is used when a required expression is not present.

Nothing

This symbol is used when an optional expression is not present.

None

This symbol is used to indicate that out of multiple possible values, none apply.

All

This symbol is used to indicate that out of multiple possible values, all apply.

Functions

About

About(symbol)

Return information about a symbol such as its domain, its attributes, its value, etc…

Domain

Domain(expression)

Return the domain of the expression.

Evaluate

Evaluate(expression) Evaluate(expr1, expr2)

Apply a sequence of definitions to an expression in order to reduce and simplify it.

An evaluation can consist of:

• a computation

Evaluate(2 + 3)
// ➔ 5

• an execution

Evaluate(Length([5, 7]))
// ➔ 2

• a simplification

Evaluate(2 + x + 3)
// ➔ 5 + x

Identity

Always return its argument.

InverseFunction

Return the inverse function of its argument.

Lambda

Lambda"(variables:List, expression)

Create a Lambda-function, also called anonymous function.

The first argument is a symbol or a list of symbols which are the bound variables (parameters) of the Lambda-function.

The second argument is an expression expressed as a function of the bound variables of the Lambda-function.

To apply a Lambda-function to some arguments, use:

Lambda([x], x * x)(3)
// ➔ 9

You can avoid naming the parameters by using the following shorthands:

• _ or _0 : the first argument
• _1 : the second argument
• _2 : the third argument, etc…
• __: the sequence of arguments, so Length(__) is the number of arguments

Lambda(_ * _)(4)
// ➔ 16

You can assign a Lambda expression to a symbol for later use:

cube = Lambda(_ * _ * _)
cube(5)
// ➔ 125

Latex

["Latex", expr-1, expr-2, ...expr-n]

• expr-n: one or more expressions
• Returns a string, a Latex string corresponding to the input expressions.

["Latex", ["Divide", "Pi", 2]]
// ➔ "'\frac{\pi}{2}'"

If the argument is a string, it is interpreted as a Latex token or fragment:

• <{>: begin group
• <}>: end group
• <space>: blank space
• <$$>: display mode shift
• <$>: inline mode shift
• #0-#9: argument
• #?: placeholder
• string that starts with /: a Latex command
• other strings: ordinary symbols

["Latex", "'\\frac'", "'<{>'", "'pi'", "'<}>'", "'<{>'", 2, "'<}>'"]
// ➔ "'\frac{\pi}{2}'"

See: TeX:289

Pattern

Work in progress

The Pattern function is used with the match() function to pattern-match an expression. The pattern expression can include one or more Pattern function calls.

• ["Pattern"] - Any sub-expression at this position will match.
• ["Pattern", name] - Match and capture any subexpression at this position as the capture group name.
• ["Pattern", name, pattern] - Match and capture any subexpression at this position as the _name_ capture group if the subexpression matches the pattern.
• ["Pattern", name, pattern-1, pattern-2, ...] - Match and capture any subexpression at this position as the _name_ capture group if the subexpression matches any of the pattern-n.

match(["Add", ["Pattern"], ["Pattern"]], ["Add", 3, 5]))
// ➔ {}

Piecewise

Prime

Same

expr1 === expr2

Same(expr1, expr2)

Same(expr1, expr2, ...expr-n)

Indicate if two (or more) expressions are structurally identical, using a literal symbolic identity.

Two expressions are the same if:

• they have the same domain.
• if they are numbers, if their value and domain are identical.
• if they are symbols, if their names are identical.
• if they are functions, if the head of the functions are identical, and if all the arguments are identical.

Two expressions that have a different wikidata metadata will not be the same, even if they are otherwise identical. Other metadata does not affect the comparison.

// Greek letter vs. ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter
same({ sym: 'Pi', wikidata: 'Q168' }, { sym: 'Pi', wikidata: 'Q167' });
// ➔ false

Using a canonical format will result in more positive matches.

Same(x + 1, 1 + x);
// ➔ False

Same(Canonical(x + 1, 1 + x));
// ➔ True

Superscript/subscript

• Subminus - $$x_-$$
• Subplus - $$x_+$$
• Subscript
• Substar - $$x_*$$
• Superdagger - $$x^\dagger$$
• Superminus - $$x^-$$
• Superplus - $$x^+$$
• Superstar - $$x^*$$. When the argument is a complex number, indicate the conjugate.

String

Symbol